Satin fabric is ideal

With a diameter of around 160 microns, the dimensions of the optical fibers match that of regular threads. Boesel's team determined the appropriate angle at which the threads must be bent during weaving so that the blue light stays in the therapeutic wavelength range of around 470 nanometers but is emitted onto the baby's skin, rather than staying in the fabric. The best result was achieved in a weaving process with a so-called 6/6 bond, which produces a satin cloth. Here, the optical threads have particularly few cross points with the traditional thread and are bent in an ideal way so the light is emitted uniformly over the skin. The photonic textiles woven in this manner can be made into a romper or a sleeping bag so the little patient is clothed, and can be held and fed. And because the pajamas can be produced for commercial use so they only radiate light inward, onto the baby's skin, it is no longer necessary for the newborn to wear an annoying protective mask. Unlike in the incubator, where the treatment light shines on the infant's face, the shortwave radiation of the light pajamas doesn't reach the baby's sensitive eyes.

Light pajamas are gentle on the skin

Maike Quandt, lead author of the publication, says the illuminated fabrics are also suitable for everyday wear. "The photonic textiles are washable and tolerated well by the skin," the researcher says. In a thermoregulation model, the researchers studied how breathable the light textiles are. One of Empa's own skin models also proved that the pajamas also perform very well in terms of friction on the skin. "The satin fabric is smooth and matches the wearing comfort of a typical baby onesie," the material researcher says.

 Blue light instead of blood transfusion

Infant jaundice is a common phenomenon, as babies' metabolisms are not very resilient within the first few days after birth.  Normally, the liver disposes of many toxins in the body. With hemoglobin degradation, however, the child's liver may still be overwhelmed. If the toxic degradation product bilirubin accumulates in large amounts, visible yellow deposits occur in the skin. The situation then becomes dangerous if the bilirubin exceeds a certain threshold and the yellow pigment damages the brain. In severe cases of jaundice, the brain damage can only be prevented by a blood transfusion.

Today, light therapy in incubators prevents this dramatic development if it is applied in time. Light intensities of 30 microwatts per square centimeter in the blue spectrum transform the toxic bilirubin into a soluble form that can easily be removed by the infant's immature organs. The prototype of the pajamas currently radiates blue light from the photonic textiles at a lower light intensity. "For commercial production, the light intensity of the pajamas must therefore be increased somewhat," says Maike Quandt. However, this shouldn't be too big of a problem since it just requires the use of stronger LEDs.

1.     Newborns with jaundice must lie alone, naked, and with their eyes covered in incubators under blue light. Empa's light pajamas revolutionize this treatment because the pajamas emit the light directly onto the baby's skin. That means the baby can get healthy while warm, snug, and without a blindfold in its mother's arms. Image: Zoomstudio

2.     Depending on the weaving process, the light from the optical fibers penetrates the fabric differently. A satin fabric (below), where the threads cross as seldom as possible, clearly "outshines" a simple linen fabric (above). Image: Maike Quandt

3.     Where polymer optical fibers are woven into the fabric and connected to LEDs, the fabric shines at a therapeutic wavelength. Another advantage: the satin fabric is breathable and comfortable on the skin. Image: Maike Quandt

4.     For demonstration purposes, the illuminated textile was sewn into a traditional romper suit. For future clinical applications, the pajamas will only emit their blue light inward, directly onto the child's skin.

5.     Polymer optical fibers emit the shortwave light optimally if they are integrated into a satin fabric. LEDs with a blue light spectrum will be used to treat infant jaundice. Image: Maike Quandt

https://www.empa.ch/web/s604/photonic-textiles-for-newborns